Aim For Alpha Centauri.

Chapter forty six planning to probe with detail imagery a mission to hunt for potentially habitable planets around unknown distant stars. Given these characteristics, Alpha Centauri B 4.24 light years away, so if a probe left earth travelling at quarter speed of light. Approximately 17 years with a  realistic plan five year build, be about twenty three years. This could include other mission dropping cameras barrings left to be switched on. As its a member of the closest stellar system to the sun. It possible to reach in twenty five years and why not. It is an ideal target for searches of a super-habitable world. ‘In my point of view, astronomers and biologists are biased,’ Rene Heller, an astrophysicist at Canada's McMaster University who is the study's lead author, told space cruising. Although it is entreating leave out possible plan ' Planet Venus' is a world' unexplored harbor balloons type craft that harnise oxygen without causing any risk no question as for safety shielded flight by detailed asteroid so no solar contamination. Fascination as well pushing the limits human en-devour coupled with costs resources and objectives not a moon landing more of an 'forgotten space station' project.

Scientists have been so focused on finding Earth-like planets that they're ignoring the possibility that other kinds of planets might be even friendlier to life, a new report says. So-called super habitable worlds wouldn't necessarily look like Earth but would nonetheless have conditions that are more suitable for life to emerge and evolve. Are there planets more suitable planets for life than Earth? 

‘Super-habitable' worlds may exist in nearby solar systems. These planets would likely be three times larger than Earth and much older scientist say. A study says liquid would be found in shallow reservoirs rather than oceans. The planets would have a magnetic field to shield them from space weather. Scientists also believe tidal heating could create conditions where life would emerge on an icy planet once thought to 'be uninhabitable'. The search for alien life has so far focused on planets that are similar to Earth. But astronomers may have missed a trick by looking too closely at worlds that are like our own, according to a new report. The study suggests there may be planets that do not necessarily look like Earth, but that could have environments more favorable to supporting life. Super-habitable worlds would most likely be two to three times bigger than Earth and much older, the researchers say.

Scientists believe 'super-habitable' planets would most likely be two to three times bigger than Earth and much older.

 They believe any liquid would be found over the surface of the planet in shallow reservoirs rather than in giant, deep oceans. Like Earth, the planets would have a magnetic field to shield them from space weather. However, scientists predict that the planets would have much thicker atmospheres. In the study ‘Superhabitable Worlds’, Professor Heller proposes that tidal heating can create conditions where life could emerge on an icy or terrestrial planet once thought to be uninhabitable.Tidal heating is the frictional heating of a satellite's core caused by the gravitational pull of its parent planet and possibly neighboring satellites. 

These planets would most likely be two to three times bigger than Earth and much older, the researchers say.They believe any liquid would be found over the surface of the planet in shallow reservoirs rather than in giant, deep oceans. Given these characteristics, they claim Alpha Centauri B, a member of the closest stellar system to the sun, is an ideal target for searches of a super-habitable world.'From a potpourri of habitable worlds that may exist, Earth might well turn out as one that is marginally habitable, even bizarre from a biocentric standpoint,' the researchers write. In the study 'Super-habitable Worlds', Professor Heller proposes that tidal heating can create conditions where life could emerge on an icy or terrestrial planet once thought to be uninhabitable. Pictured is an artist's impression of an exoplanet. The Goldilocks zone is the belt around a star where temperatures are ideal for liquid water to pool on a planet's surface. To determine the location of a star's habitable zone, scientists have to first learn how much total radiation it emits.

Knowing precisely how far away a habitable zone needs to be from a star also depends on chemistry. 

For example, molecules in a planet's atmosphere will absorb a certain amount of energy from starlight and radiate the rest back out. How much of this energy is trapped can mean the difference between a turquoise sea and erupting volcanoes. Like Earth, the planets would have a magnetic field to shield them from space weather. However, scientists predict that the planets would have much thicker atmospheres. ‘A tidally heated planet would be unpleasant though spectacular to visit,’ said Norman Sleep, Senior Editor for Astrobiology and Professor in the School of Earth Sciences at Stanford University. 

Current studies suggest that super-Earths are more common than Earth-size planetsSo far, scientists have detected about a thousand planets orbiting other stars in something known as the Goldilocks zone. The Goldilocks zone is the belt around a star where temperatures are ideal for liquid water to pool on a planet's surface. This has started a race to find the one that most resembles Earth. But in a separate study, UK researchers suggested that Earth-sized planets can support life at least ten times further away from stars than previously thought.
This means that cold rocky planets previously considered uninhabitable may be teeming with life beneath the surface. Academics at the University of Aberdeen and University of St Andrews believe the definition of the ‘Goldilocks’ zone is flawed. They argue this definition fails to take into account life that can exist beneath a planet’s surface. So far, scientists have detected about a thousand planets orbiting other stars in something known as the Goldilocks zone. This is the belt around a star where temperatures are ideal for liquid water to pool on a planet's surface.

Landing Rosetta Comet 67P

Chapter forth five the Rosetta Lander by European Space Agency hopes to bring some details as to this long time beckon that may be left unearth onto the comet surface. Planning to land on the front of this comet is immensely complex. As Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Japan Projects. As they experienced similar difficulty as with their return journey from 'Ju 1999 Asteroid' orbits between planets Mars and Venus. Returned sampled from Space cCaft Hayabusa 2010 samples are on exhibit 'Sagamihara City Museum'.  
As the E.S.A. go whaling this comet without a harpoon. They could winch down its lander on a fix antenna as this has risk, but it could be a sure shot by its Philae Lander onto three carbon graphite flex feet that move, had it been identified. Here on space cruising is the probe that went into hibernation. Been in this state for over two and a half years. It took three quarters of an hour to get it back to operational state as Fred Jansen Rosetta mission manager told space cruising. Europe 's Rosetta Spacecraft was launched from Earth in 2004.
Launched back in 2004 , the probe has taken a rather circuitous route out to its target comet. Among its wide range of scientific measurements, Philae lander will send back a panorama of its surroundings, as well as very high-resolution pictures of the surface. It will also performing an on the spot analysis of the composition of the ices and the comets organic material, Pendahuluan drilling down to 23 cm below the surface and feeding samples to Philae's on-board laboratory for analysis.The focus of the mission will then move to the 'escort' phase, during your Rosetta which will stay alongside the comet as it moves closer to the Sun.

Monitoring the ever-changing conditions have on the surface as the comet warms up and its ICES sublimate. Rosetta will follow the comet races, the remainder of 2015, as it heads away from the Sun and activity begins to subside. This craft has made a number of maneuvers these were involved making flybys off other planets, Using Their gravity to pick up speed for the eventual sufficient encounter of his comet outside the planet Jupiter. It has already delivered some fascinating science, particularly from the close passes made ​​by two Asteroids the rocks Steins, in 2008 , and Lutetia, in 2010.

The Spacecraft is fully operational and is ready for drilling Probe Philae commences depart in September, the probe is awake and the science team knows there are two busy years ahead of them. Saying now we have to work hard. Thanks to the team that's achieved this . this is a beautifully detailed rendering of the Rosetta Mission. Its showing the landing craft on the Icy Surface of ' Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasiamenko'. The sun beyond above is the main orbiter spacecraft , with '14 meters of solar panels on each side'. The Orbiter has eleven groups of scientific instruments , Intended to take Readings from the lander , and relay to back to earth. The prototype of the Rosetta disk is also on the orbiter , located on the exterior thermal blankets underneath .
The Orbiter is due to intercept with the comet in 2014. ESA 's space operations center in Darmstadt , Germany was almost deafening . Scientists and engineers were waiting to Receive a signal from the Rosetta Spacecraft , Which was supposed to come out of Hibernation today to begin its mission to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in Earnest . Finally , after waiting nearly 45 minutes into the window of time When the Spacecraft was supposed to send a signal that's it limits Successfully come out of Hibernation , Appeared a little blip on the screens of the spectrum Analyses and the room erupted in cheers.

Once controllers have a full assessment of the health of Rosetta , They will Initiate a series of burns on its thrusters to close the gap to 67P .
Currently at a separation of nine million miles, this will be reduced to a mere 10 km by mid September. As it has to find a landing for the 'three legged robot called Philae in November' is sure to be a nail biting event. I know that NASA colleagues talked about 'seven minutes of terror' for the landing of the Curiosity rover on Mars it'll will be more like four hours of terror between the separation of Philae and its 'docking' on the comet , said Esa director general Jean- Jacques Dordain. The Rosetta for the intention is to follow the comet as it moves closer Towards the Sun , monitoring the changes that's take place on the body.
Philae landing probe will report that's changes occur at the surface. Comets giant 'dirty snowballs', as some have called all comets are believed to contain materials. These have remained largely unchanged since the formation of the solar system 4.6bn years ago. Rosetta data should therefore help researchers understand better how our local space environment has evolved over time magnetically and structurally. Rosetta is a unique mission - technologically unique, unique scientifically, and philosophically is unique because comets may have been where the origins of how humans came to 'inherit the earth' and may answer the big question of how 'Earth Oceans Formed'?

Virgin Galactic Two.

Chapter forty four it the first fully private design build, as a sub orbital commercial passenger space aircraft. It officially opens with its galactic two ship on the tenth anniversary. This is the only supersonic passenger suborbital space craft that you can book flight on and ever known as it just has come into existence book here just a click virgin galactic booking. As Sir Richard Branson with designer Burt Rutan , They embrace the challenge are surrounded by employee's below. Its a feat in engineering and piloting endeavors. Virgin Galactic space ship as one is set to retires into history, as a space ship one pioneer.
The original rocket plane that's won the $ 10 million Ansari X Prize for private spaceflight in 2004 in Mojave now lives at the Smithsonian's 'National Air and Space Museum'. Space tourism, once regarded as something of the future, will exist in our lifetime. Commercial space travel has gotten one small step closer to reality, as Virgin Galactic's Space Ship Two third test flight has better specification goes into full commercial service.

The 27-foot-wide space shift winged flight tested with a 20-second engine burn Which amplifies the speed of the plane to a maximum velocity of Mach 1.4, reports to space Cruisers. This particular test was meant to monitor the thermal coating on the tail of the Spacecraft as well as the ship's control system that's helps the pilot make his way out of outer space and also give space Tourists the best views, it a fully private funded venture.
Closing in on space at 71,000 feet into space from an altitude of 45,000 feet down to a successful landing at Virgin's Mojave Air and Spaceport. The Space Ship Two, dubbed the VSS Enterprise, was piloted by Pete Siebold, with Mike Alsbury as co-pilot.
 "This was one of the Most the exciting days in the whole history of Virgin," said Virgin Group founder Sir Richard Branson, who was on hand for the flight. "For the first time since we seriously began the project in 2004, I watched the world's first manned commercial spaceship landing on the runway at Mojave Air and Space Port and it was a great moment. Now, the sky is no longer the limit and we will begin the process of pushing beyond to the final frontier of space, LTD over the next year. "The first free flight of the Space Ship Two Craft Come in on schedule after a series of captive Carry flights (the first was), In which the VSS Enterprise was carried aloft by the custom-built White Knight Two mother ship it the new, dubbed 'The Eve'.

When Virgin Galactic enters operation, the craft will be taken up to a high altitude by a conventional plane then released: at that's point, a rocket booster will PROPEL the craft out of the atmosphere. Re-entry is like NASA's Space Shuttle: a controlled Glide to a pre-defined landing point. The free flight of the VSS Enterprise Confirmed the that's's flight systems were all functioning correctly.
"The VSS Enterprise was a real joy to fly," said pilot Pete Siebold, "Especially When one considers the fact that's the vehicle has been Designed not only to be a Mach 3.5 spaceship capable of going into space but also one of the world's Highest altitude gliders. "Siebold was also the pilot for Space Ship One, the craft that's won the Ansari X-Prize. Among other Achievements first voyage in 2010, the Space Ship One was the first private craft to go over 100km in altitude, and the first private reusable manned Spacecraft.
Virgin Galactic has lined up some 370 customer Deposits totalling some $ 50 million for what it will be the world's first commercial passenger space flight operation. As the official opening is set for 2014 celebrities have already started signing up for the exclusive space tours, ready to take off later this year. NBC reports that's Katy Perry and Justin Bieber have already signed up. Tickets cost $ 250,000. CEO Richard Branson has promised to take a seat on the ship's first flight. Branson hopes to move the passenger flight base to Spaceport to America in new mexico it floats to back into earth atmosphere softy as it re-entry is a calculated circular motion with nudge of its fins brings this craft to runway.

Universe Galaxy Gallery.

Chapter forty three contents of galaxies scientists claim to have measured parts of the universe to this gold standard using galaxies more than six billion light years away 2014  these contents maybe made public onto internet engine. 
The impressive measurements were taken by the ‘Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey’ (BOSS) using the Sloan Foundation Telescope in New Mexico. An artist's concept of the latest, accurate measurement of the universe. The spheres show the current size of the 'baryon acoustic oscillations' (BAOs) from the early universe. BAOs are the 'frozen' imprints of pressure waves that moved through the early universe. It’s a giant step in space measurement: Scale of the universe is measured to one per cent accuracy.  As this compares to 20 years ago when data differed by up to 50 per cent now scientists mapped over 1.2 million galaxies up to 6bn light years away. Equations revealed details about universal expansion and as a result, dark energy. They suggest a model of universe that extends into space and time infinitely. There aren’t many things in our everyday lives that we know to one per cent accuracy. Said to space cruising ‘I now know the size of the universe better than I know the size of my house,’ said Professor David Schlegel BOSS principal investigator. Researchers combined their data with measurements of temperature variation within the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation to reveal information about the expansion of the universe. Pictured here is a map that shows how CMB varies in our curved universe. ‘On a clear night when everything goes perfectly, we can add more than 8000 galaxies and quasars to the map,’ said Kaike Pan, who leads the team of observers at the SDSS-III's Sloan Foundation 2.5-meter Telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. The observatory ot the south pole is very powerful land based telescope easily controlled.

‘Twenty years ago astronomers were arguing about estimates that differed by up to 50 per cent. ‘Five years ago, we'd refined that uncertainty to five per cent; a year ago it was two per cent.‘One per cent accuracy will be the standard for a long time to come.’BOSS measures the clustering of galaxies revealing their precise distance, the age of the universe, and how fast the universe has expanded. The measurement uses a 'standard ruler' based on the regular variations of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (right) The distance and distribution of galaxies can be measured using what cosmologists call a 'standard ruler'. Standard rulers can be thought of like a car's headlights. 
The distance between the two headlights of most cars is more or less the same. The farther away a car is, the closer together the headlights appear to be. By measuring the angular separation between the headlights, the distance of the car can be found. The team at BOSS used similar methods to measure something known as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs).BAOs are the ‘frozen’ imprints of pressure waves that moved through the early universe - and help establish the distribution of galaxies. The distance and distribution of galaxies can be measured using what cosmologists call a standard ruler. The latest results indicate dark energy’s strength does not vary in space or time. They have also helped provide an estimate of the curvature of space. As Professor Schlegel said the results are consistent with a model of the universe that goes on and on, extending into space and time infinitely.

‘With these galaxy measurements, nature has given us a beautiful ruler,’ added Ashley Ross, an astronomer from the University of Portsmouth. So here how scientist measure the distances between varied galaxies equations can be also used The distance of galaxies can be measured using a 'standard ruler'. Standard rulers can be thought of like a car's headlights. The distance between the two headlights of most cars is more or less the same. The farther away a car is, the closer together the headlights appear to be. By measuring the angular separation between the headlights, the distance of the car can be found. 
The team at BOSS used similar methods to measure something known as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs). BAOs are the ‘frozen’ imprints of pressure waves that moved through the early universe - and help establish the distribution of galaxies. The BOSS researchers mapped more than 1.2 million light-emitting galaxies, and then used fundamental physics calculations to measure BAO. They then combined this data with measurements of temperature variation within the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation to reveal information about the expansion of the universe. The BOSS researchers mapped more than 1.2 million light-emitting galaxies, and then used fundamental physics calculations to measure BAO. They then combined this data with measurements of temperature variation within the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. The cosmic microwave background is the thermal radiation assumed to be left over from the Big Bang. These equations revealed information about the acceleration of the expansion of the universe, and as a result, dark energy. ‘Before, our picture of the universe looked fuzzy. It was like we were near-sighted, but didn't have glasses,’ said Shirley Ho, assistant professor of physics at Carnegie Mellon. ‘The ruler happens to be half a billion light years long, so we can use it to measure distances precisely, even from very far away. ’Making these measurements required astronomers to map the locations of 1.2 million galaxies. Teem Boss uses a specialised instrument that can make detailed measurements of 1000 galaxies at a time.

Observational trajectory planetarium.

Chapter forty two as here we try to image a full plan of trajectories in our Galaxy.
This could be easily calculated with full maps of our nearest neighbour's as the sleeping giant at the center of Earths Milky Way is about to wake up. A suicidal gas cloud is heading towards the galaxy's super massive black hole, which will probably swallow the cloud, generating enormous flares of radiation that could help explain why the black hole is normally so placid.
The doomed cloud was a surprise to astronomers. "We have been looking at the galactic centre for 20 years, but mainly to observe the motion of stars," says Reinhard Genzel of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany.Genzel's colleague Stefan Gillessen spotted the cloud in images from the Very Large Telescope array in Chile, taken in March this year. It is an unusually dense cloud, not much bigger than our solar system and carrying about three times the mass of Earth.

Shredded cloud The team realised that the cloud also appears in earlier images, giving them a sequence that reveals its path.
It is moving at almost 2500 kilometres per second towards our galaxy's black hole, Sagittarius A *.At present Sagittarius A * is strangely quiet, unlike quasars, the hyperactive black holes that emit huge amounts of radiation, fuelled by inflowing gas. Our black hole gets much less gas, and for some reason this starvation state makes it much less efficient than a quasar, producing only a thousandth as much radiation per kilogramme of fuel.While a star would just sail past our black hole unscathed, the loose mass of gas heading towards it is more vulnerable. It is already being stretched out by the black hole's gravity, and when it gets closer in 2013 it will plough into the halo of hot gas around the hole.

Unlucky timing that should send shock waves through the cloud to heat it to several million degrees, and according to the group's simulations the gaseous collision will shred the cloud into filaments.
This turmoil may mean that much of the cloud ends up swirling right down into the black hole."By dumping more material in there, the cloud could drive the system into a higher efficiency regime," says Ginzel. There may be one huge flare of radiation or several over the coming decades.There's no danger of the active black hole harming Earth. And though sadly not visible to the naked eye, this radiation will give astronomers clues as to why our black hole is normally so different from quasars."There is evidence that the galactic centre was more luminous within the last few thousand years, and we are unlucky in living at a time when it appears to be unusually dormant," says astrophysicist Martin Rees at the University of Cambridge, who was not part of the study.

Mars Exploration Rovers Photos.

Chapter forty one as first observed shows the indestructible wheel mechanism that was used to test the Mars Exploration Rovers on Earth before their mission is also on display below. 

After about 800 days, one of Spirit's front wheels confirmed stalled and stopped functioning there speculation that Martian landing is much more difficult procurement than an Earth type landing manoeuvre. The engineering team decided to continue driving it in reverse, dragging the broken wheel across the Martian surface but. Stunning images of the red planet taken by Spirit and Opportunity rovers are revealed in a new exhibition of photographs part of exhibition by Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum opening in Washington 7-1-2014 exhibited  As incredible close up shows spheres, dubbed blueberries, that may suggest ancient microbial life on the planet. 

Along with ‘blueberry’ clusters, the exhibition includes photographs of craters, dunes, dust clouds and meteorites. One of the images of the Martian sunset shows a bluish colour in the sky, which is usually pink in the daytime due to the reddish dust in the atmosphere. It turns blue at sunset - the opposite of Earth. The discovery of Martian clusters, known as ‘blueberries’, a decade ago provided some of the first evidence of liquid water on the red planet. As these incredible close ups, taken by the Mars Rover Opportunity, reveals these spheres embedded in Martian rock like blueberries in a muffin. The image is part of an exhibition by the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum presenting more than 50 of the best photographs from two rovers known as Spirit and Opportunity. 

These hematite-rich spherules were embedded in this Martian rock like blueberries in a muffin and released over time by erosion. 

The Mars Rover Opportunity found this cluster at its Eagle Crater landing site and analysed their composition with its spectrometers. Hypotheses about their formation have contributed to the story of water on Mars. Ten years after Nasa landed the two rovers on Mars for a 90-day mission, one is still exploring, and the project has generated hundreds of thousands of images from the planet's surface. 

The Mars Rover Opportunity found this 'blueberry' cluster at its Eagle Crater landing site and analysed the composition with its spectrometers. Previous theories suggested they were created by simple chemical reactions without the help of life. However, research last year revealed clear evidence that microbes were essential in their formation.This has raised the possibility that Martian ‘blueberries’ may not only reveal that water was present on Mars - but also ancient microbial life. A view by the Mars Rover Spirit of a sunset over the rim of Gusev Crater, about 80 km (50 miles) away.

 Taken from Husband Hill, it looks much like a sunset on Earth, a reminder that other worlds can seem eerily familiar. Sunset and twilight images help scientists to determine how high into the atmosphere the Martian dust extends and to look for dust or ice clouds. ‘Spirit and Opportunity: 10 Years Roving Across Mars’, curated by the scientists who have led the mission, opens tomorrow in Washington. Along with unusual ‘blueberry’ clusters, it includes large-scale photographs of craters, hills, dunes, dust clouds, meteorites, rock formations and the Martian sunset. John Grant, a planetary geologist at the museum who is part of the rover mission team, organised the exhibition, in part as a travel log with images on one side from Sprit and images from Opportunity on the other. The rovers landed in January 2004 on opposite sides of Mars and began exploring volcanic deposits and plains, as well as meteorites and impact craters. 

As the lunar Rover tracks are shown disappearing toward the horizon in a sea of sand between the craters Endurance and Victoria on the Meridiani Plains. 

Mars rover Opportunity took the image while stuck in the sand ripple, dubbed Purgatory, for over a month ‘Every one of the images you see here tells a story of discovery that goes along with the story of beauty on Mars,’ Dr Grant said.‘It's a look at an alien planet through the rovers' eyes. The mars rover is still ’Uncovering signs of the past presence of water and a more habitable environment are among the rovers' most important discoveries. 

Some were made by accident. After about 800 days, one of Spirit's front wheels stalled and stopped functioning. The engineering team decided to continue driving it in reverse, dragging the broken wheel across the Martian surface. That dragging dug a trench behind the rover that soon uncovered a new material as white as snow. 

This piece of metal with the American flag on it is made of aluminium recovered from the site of the World Trade Center towers in New York City. It is located on Mars Rover Spirit and serves as a cable guard for Spirit, a­s a rock abrasion tool as well as a memorial to the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Mars Rover Opportunity has an identical piece. Cornell University Astronomy Professor Steve Squyres (right) and it may become a near neighbour planet that might contain resemblance of future congregationalist of near outposts.