Twelve men and two Rovers.

A Back to back mission to space not as we know it, NASA processed its Data didn't consider back up data neither getting its lunar samples back, as video camera became fixed cameras achievement.
today use gyroscopes turns craft efficiently 'That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind', but most listeners claim they can't hear the first 'a' and the statement has become best known without it. As “These tapes are not in the system," Nafzger said. "We are certainly open to finding them Moon landing tapes got erased, NASA admits to Maggie Fox, Health and Science Editor. As Washington had the original recordings of the first humans landing on the moon 40 years ago. Just were erased and re-used, but newly restored copies of the original broadcast look even better, NASA officials said on Thursday. Neil Armstrong, Edwin Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins
As NASA released the first glimpses of a complete digital make-over of the original landing footage that clarifies the blurry and grainy images of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walking on the surface of the moon. The full set of recordings, being cleaned up by Burbank, California-based Lowry Digital, then disclosed. The preview is available at www.nasa.gov. NASA admitted in 2006 that no one could find the original video recordings of the July 20, 1969, landing.
The lander remains on site as captured by satellite preserved in its solar radiated dust, thought to have been much deeper solar wind. As it will always sit on the corona of the lunar surface. Also Russia failures with one earlier attempt, this was by sayauz three. With an earlier landing to beat NASA, probably has a Russian cosmonaut still inside on the moon, comes with a total 3 crashed vehicles, with only one manned expedition to collect their first lunar soil sample.

As her Majesty Elizabeth took a keen interest, a question was asked, why did the astronauts’ proceed to come up off the moon when they were landing.
This showed up on the England’s radar system during touchdown.  Answer is as seen in the video where one can clearly see the crater Neil Armstrong desperately avoided as they didn’t want to land in. Yes the crater is huge and one can see they didn’t want to venture near it either. It would need a lot of digging for a long time and that’s only to get out of it. As the astronauts’ clearly looking into it on video to the size of the crater, on decent Neil heart rate jumped as his vitals were monitored by the ground team.
Armstrong was interviewed by BBC talks about pilot skills he said if suit ripped trouble or big risk was docking for the return journey as it was a right first time right manoeuvre. Maybe not his exact words but one can see in tapes if they have margin for error was minimal. They pointed the connected craft, before the Earth for their routine journey back.
Also on the Lunar surface they had to jammed a metal pen into pull button switch, to start engine inside lunar module as the button flew onto the floor a wee bit of luck. Since the loss of tapes these would give NASA an insight as to a day in outer space with no radiation shield. Richard Nafzger, an engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre in Maryland, who oversaw television processing at the ground-tracking sites during the Apollo 11 mission, has been looking for them. The good news is he found where they went. The bad news is they were part of a batch of 200,000 tapes that were degaussed by magnetically erased and re-used valuable data just to save very little money. One can clearly see the crater to the right of this photo here.

 

"The goal was live TV," Nafzger told a news conference.
"We should have had a historian running around saying 'I don't care if you are ever going to use them we are going to keep them' Nafzger said NASA has found good copies in the archives of CBS news and some recordings called kinescopes found in film vaults at Johnson Space Center. Many tests carried out on ground and Neil was hospitalised in lunar module crash, in Florida and he was nearly replaced in the program. Lowry, best known for restoring old Hollywood films, has been digitizing these along with some other bits and pieces to make a new rendering of the original landing. Nafzger does not worry that using a Hollywood-based company might fuel the fire of conspiracy theorists who believe the entire lunar program that landed people on the moon six times between 1969 and 1972 was staged on a movie set or secret military base and some still do as survey it worried NASA.

"As this company is restoring historic video. It mattered not to me where the company was from," Nafzger said. "The conspiracy theorists are going to believe what they are going to believe," added Lowry Digital Chief Operating Officer Mike Inchalik. As there may be some unofficial copies of the original broadcast out there somewhere that were taken from a NASA video switching center in Sydney, Australia, the space agency said. Nafzger said someone else in Sydney made recordings too. "These tapes are not in the system," Nafzger said. "We are certainly open if as to finding a trace of them."

Venus Akatsuki Probe

Geopolitics has also become an obstacle. Last December, NASA expressed interest in a Venera-D collaboration. Then Russia invaded Crimea and NASA drew back from most joint operations.
funding for the Venera-D project, envisioning a long-duration Lander on the surface of Venus, which could function 30 days. Speaking at the 5th International Aerospace Congress in Moscow, on August 29, 2006, Deputy Chief of the Federal Space Agency, Vitaly Davydov, listed Venera-D among high-priority exploration projects to be given funds by the Russian government. However level and timing of funding projected by the government would not enable the launch the mission before 2016. As Mars landing return has been given a top priority show a Russian focus. In 2012, the Indian space agency, ISRO, announced that a Venus orbiter would be launched next year, but no details have emerged since then. That leaves the Japanese space agency, JAXA. Its Akatsuki probe tried to enter Venus orbit in 2010. Though it was unsuccessful, due to engine damage, the craft is swinging back for another try.
 Mars, meanwhile, enjoys much greater popularity. Two spacecraft are en route, and at least four more are set to launch in the next decade (see chart). Venus Express only exists because ESA threw together spare parts from its Mars Express mission. The difference in attitude to our two nearest planets is partly technological. On the surface of sweltering Venus, robotic probes survive for no more than a few hours. Even then, power is a problem. Other probes use solar panels, but thick clouds makes this impossible on Venus. The cloud barrier might be a mental block, too. “Imagining ourselves going there is easier on Mars. That’s a big part of planet Venus ” says Grinspoon its atmosphere which make any mission easier given right deployment for example air-brakes. 

Venus death dive to unlock secrets of Earth’s evil twin On its final plunge, the Venus Express probe will fly deeper than ever before –but a return mission could tell us more about climate change and alien life.

As with end of Venus Express as a blank have to say goodbye to Earth’s fiery twin. European spacecraft will start a series of dives into the hellish atmosphere of Venus, marking the beginning of the end for the only probe now orbiting the planet. The dives will take the craft, called Venus Express, deeper into the atmosphere than it has gone before, allowing it to record conditions in a largely unstudied region.
It will also be a test of the spacecraft’s endurance as it drags itself through the planet’s thick air, which will provide valuable data for future interplanetary missions. Venus Express may not survive the month-long campaign of daredevil plunges. Even if it does, the craft will run out of fuel later this year. "No dedicated probe is due to launch in the next decade", and a damaged Japanese craft has just a slim chance of making it there next year. But there is still so much to discover about our neglected neighbour.
Better knowledge of Venus could help answer two of the most important questions in modern science: how is Earth’s climate changing, and are we alone in the universe? “Venus is so similar to Earth and yet so different,” says project scientist Håkan Svedhem at the European Space Agency (ESA). “One really needs to understand Venus to understand all terrestrial planets.” At first glance, Venus seems nothing like Earth. It is shrouded in a haze of carbon dioxide, with toxic sulphuric clouds and temperatures topping 450 °C. Its surface is bone dry, and the air pressure is high enough to rupture the hull of a submarine.

However, Venus is almost exactly the same size and mass as Earth, and is made from similar materials. It is thought to have started out with a water-rich atmosphere like Earth’s, which may even have made the surface briefly habitable. But Venus is closer to the sun and lacks a global magnetic field, which is what protects Earth from our star’s harshest rays. Geoffrey Landis at the NASA John Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, is working on Venus-specific technology, including electronics that operate at high temperatures and a solar-powered plane that would direct a rover on the ground. Perhaps an ambitious rover mission is key to reigniting interest in Venus. “We’ve discovered how fascinating Mars is because we have been able to land on the surface and rove around,” says Landis. “If we could drive around on Venus, we would discover: wow, it is just as interesting as Mars.” Without this shield, young Venus was blasted by radiation that boiled away most of the water in its air, leaving dense carbon dioxide and triggering a runaway greenhouse effect.

“Venus is like a controlled experiment  what would happen if you took another Earth and started it off in slightly different conditions,” says David Grinspoon, a NASA astrobiologist who worked on Venus Express. During its eight years in orbit, the Venus Express mission has made many discoveries about our “evil twin”, most notably about the planet’s wind patterns. “It has really been our first weather satellite on another planet,” says Grinspoon. “A lot of advantages have come from observing it over a long period of time and seeing the patterns of changes in the atmosphere.” Oddly, feeding atmospheric data from Venus Express into a variety of climate models throws up some surprising results.
While these simulations can faithfully reproduce conditions on Earth, they all fail to recreate the climate of Venus, says Svedhem. Figuring out why could tell us about the underlying processes of climate change, and perhaps improve our models of climate on Earth. Such knowledge would also be useful to astronomers hunting for Earth-like worlds elsewhere in the galaxy. At the moment, we are able to identify planets with a similar mass and radius to Earth that orbit their stars at the right distance to support liquid water. Technically, Venus falls into this category, so worlds that look friendly from afar may be hellish up close. “If we can’t figure out Venus, we have no chance of predicting conditions on exoplanets,” says Grinspoon.

Daring dives for its swansong almost like a battery scoop and out, Venus Express will perform aerobraking, a way to reduce the speed of a spacecraft and so reduce its altitude. This lets an orbiting probe get much closer to a planet’s surface and study it in greater detail.

2015 Venus Express will take its first dip into the clouds, where it will record the effects of friction from the atmosphere. During a series of these dives until 11 July it will also take readings on the atmosphere’s density and composition. ESA has never attempted aerobraking before, so lessons from the Venus experiment will be valuable for future probes. For instance, the agency plans to use the technique when the Exo Mars satellite arrives at the Red Planet in 2017, says ESA’s Olivier Witasse. Learning more about could also be useful for human missions. A related manoeuvre, called aero capture, would help spacecraft land on Mars or return to Earth without needing prohibitively large landing rockets. “People think the hard part of space travel is going as fast as you can,” says Grinspoon.

“There is also the hard part of slowing down when you get places, because you need a big rocket for that or you just keep going.” Venus Express survives the ordeal, the plan is to take the probe back into a higher orbit and continue observations until its fuel runs out. Many questions will remain unanswered, including whether the planet is still volcanically active, and whether life could have thrived in the planet’s past.
However, neither NASA nor ESA has plans for another dedicated Venus mission and other space
agencies hold out  for only faint hope. Every child likes space reality, as for the past decade Russia has been talking about a follow-up. This is to mark the Soviet Union’s successful Venera series of probes from the 1960s and 70s. “It is not doing very well,” says Oreg Korablev in the Space Research Institute in Moscow. “The Russian programme was dominated by Phobos Grunt Martian lunar exploration which failed, with china on board it took a decade of a build, because of its return journey. Both nations missed out due to its many as complex failures and laps of calculations an nod with pre-run it became an over laden catastrophe.” The mission, known as Venera-D, is set for a 2024 launch at its earliest.

Enceladus Saturn Moon

Could alien life exist in huge ocean beneath Saturn’s moon Enceladus?

Another portrait of Earth, but this pale blue dot is a succinct moon in a summary of who we were on," Linda Spilker, Cassini spacecraft lead scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said in a statement. A huge ocean has been found under the icy crust of Enceladus and all the signs suggest it could harbour alien life The hunt for extra-terrestrial life in our galaxy moved a step closer after Nasa said a huge ocean lies beneath the frozen crust of Saturn’s moon Enceladus.
Scientists said that the slight wobble of the moon could only be driven by a huge body of water sloshing under the surface as the satellite orbits around its planet. The ocean, is likely to cover the whole globe, according to data from Nasa’s Cassini mission, which is exploring Saturn’s system. As Enceladus, Saturn's sixth largest moon, has always been a good candidate for life in the solar system. Water seen spraying from its surface was previously found to have the correct acidity for microbes to thrive and the same sodium chloride salt as oceans on Earth. Previous analysis of Cassini data suggested there was a lens-shaped body of water, or sea, underlying the moons near its south polar region. As can remove ethylene in an unodorox can lengthen shelf life of harvested crops But new gravity data collected during the spacecraft's several close passes over the south polar region show the sea must be far larger. Nasa originally thought the liquid water must be confined to the south pole.

The finding implies the fine spray of water vapour, icy particles and simple organic molecules.
Cassini has observed coming from fractures near the moon's south pole is being fed by this vast liquid water reservoir. "If the surface and core were rigidly connected, the core would provide so much dead weight the wobble would be far smaller than we observe it to be," said Matthew Tiscareno, a Cassini participating scientist at the SETI Institute, Mountain View, California. "This proves that there must be a global layer of liquid separating the surface from the core," he said.
Enceladus is the sixth-largest of the moons of Saturn and was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel. It has a circumference of 984 miles (1,584km) It is thought that the liquid water will have contact with the moon’s rocky core, which means that elements useful for life – such as sulphur and potassium – should be within the ocean. "There are definitely regions on Enceladus where the conditions are such that life could exist. You have liquid water, you have chemicals and you have heat. And that is enough for life. To my mind, this is the best place we can expect to find life elsewhere in the solar system," Nikolai Brilliantov, a mathematician at Leicester University told space lorn. New data suggests the ocean covers the whole of Enceladuswill be a vast. As could make human habitation possible Cassini scientists analyzed more than seven years' worth of images of Enceladus taken by the spacecraft, which has been orbiting Saturn since mid-2004.

They carefully mapped the positions of features on Enceladus -- mostly craters -- across hundreds of images, in order to measure changes in the moon's rotation with extreme precision. As a result, they found Enceladus has a tiny, but measurable wobble as it orbits Saturn.
Because the icy moon is not perfectly spherical -- and because it goes slightly faster and slower during different portions of its orbit around Saturn -- the giant planet subtly rocks Enceladus back and forth as it rotates. The team plugged their measurement of the wobble, called a libration, into different models for how Enceladus might be arranged on the inside, including ones in which the moon was frozen from surface to core. The mechanisms that might have prevented Enceladus' ocean from freezing remain a mystery. Thomas and his colleagues suggest a few ideas for future study that might help resolve the question, including the surprising possibility that tidal forces due to Saturn's gravity could be generating much more heat within Enceladus than previously thought. Cassini is scheduled to make a close flyby of Enceladus on Oct. 28, in the mission's deepest-ever dive through the moon's active plume of icy material. The spacecraft will pass a mere 30 miles (49 kilometers) above the moon's surface. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. The research is presented in a paper published online this week in the journal Icarus. As new stunning images taken on Nasa Cassini spacecraft's from this mission to Saturn. Nasa's Cassini spacecraft, nearly 900 million miles from Earth, has turned its gaze away from Saturn and its entourage of moons to take a picture of its home planet. The image shows Earth as a very small, blue-tinged dot – paler and tinier than in other photos –overshadowed by the giant Saturn's rings in foreground. "We can't see individual continents or people with this.

Martian Surface.

Nasa scientists are very aware that water exists on mars enough to sustain a settlement colony after an public announcement about H2o on Mars is for the first time ever. They believe that dark stripes on the surface have been caused by trickling water that freezes and unfreezes during different seasons on the planet. Further tests are being carried out, to confirm the findings of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbital spacecraft. But already space scientists have started to speculate about what the existence of liquid water on Mars and what this could mean. Here are some of the key questions they're trying to find the answer too. One thought is that the liquid water could be coming from under the planet's surface. Professor Tim O'Brien. From Manchester University, told space lorn "This is the key question. One alternative is that it's coming up from the underground reservoir in some way a thermal."

This would change lots of things that scientists thought they knew about Mars but Professor O'Brien also offers another view. He added: "Alternatively it could be absorbing water from the atmosphere." He says that would make the water on the planet extremely salty and not suitable to drink. On Earth, every time we find liquid water we find life and so scientists believe that surface water might help identify possible habitats for life on Mars. Although there is no suggestion that scientist have found life on the planet, experts now know that Mars has the type of environment where life could potentially exist. Space scientist Sarah Crowther told the discovery does not confirm there is life on Mars in any way. She said if it is true it simply shows that there may be the conditions there to support some kind of living organisms. Must remember Mars is much cooler than our earth where life enjoys milder conditions. In 2012 NASA's Curiosity rover landed on the Red Planet's surface, as part of a robotic mission to search for evidence of life still no conclusive evidence which lead more investigation microscopic life.

But scientists know that if we want to find out more, we will eventually have to send humans to Scientists believe that of all the planets in our solar system Mars is the only other place where humans could realistically live in the future. Water is essential to human life and all human beings need it to survive as rover explores there's now the potential for future exploitation of water as a resource for the manned missions to Mars. If it's proved that there is water on the planet it could be used to make rocket fuel or provide water for humans to stay there longer. Scientists are currently trying to build the rockets that will one day take researchers there, but that kind of mission could be many years away.

If scientists prove that there is water on Mars, the planet could potentially form a human habitat. However, the average temperature on the red planet is -62 degrees Celsius so there's no way human could set up camp there without a lot more work to help them cope with the conditions. The presence of water could have a big impact on future exploration of Mars, in terms of what regions scientists can or can't explore. Areas with water are off limits under current planetary protection regulations, a set of ules designed to control space exploration. It's to stop these areas being contaminated with germs and other organisms from the Earth. Scientists don't know what effect that would have. Professor Tim O'Brien told Space lorn "We wouldn't want to contaminate it with life from earth. "The problem is if our space craft go there, certainly if we go there we'll be taking lots of organisms with us, bacteria and microbes. "So how do we protect our possible life on Mars while also protecting the planet? That's the challenge." Easiest option planet for humans to run around provided have oxygen mask and warm clothes toilet for the humus grow fresh vegetables.

Occator Ice Crater Ceres

Dawn is the first mission to visit a dwarf planet, and the first to orbit two distinct solar system targets.
It orbited proto planet Vesta for 14 months in 2011 and 2012, and arrived at Ceres on March 6, 2015. Earlier this month, a stunning new 3D flyover of dwarf planet Ceres revealed the planet's mysterious 'white spots' in unprecedented detail. It also highlighted a prominent mountain with bright streaks on its steep slopes. The peak's shape has been likened to a cone or a pyramid, and it appears to be about 4 miles (6km) high. This means the mountain has about the same elevation as Mount McKinley in Denali National Park, Alaska, the highest point in North America.
 'This mountain is among the tallest features we've seen on Ceres to date,' said Dawn science team member Paul Schenk, a geologist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. The alien spots on Ceres revealed in unprecedented detail As Dawn probe captures stunning new images of mysterious features.  As a rim of Occator crater is almost vertical in some places, where it rises steeply for 1 mile (nearly 2 kilometers) Closest-yet views of Occator crater, with a resolution of 450 feet (140 meters) per pixel . They have captivated and confused astronomers around the world. 

Nasa reveales stunning new close up images of showing the brightest spots on the dwarf planet Ceres gleam with mystery in new views delivered by NASA's Dawn spacecraft.
These closest-yet views of Occator crater, with a resolution of 450 feet (140 meters) per pixel, give scientists a deeper perspective on these very unusual features. An image, made using images taken by NASA's Dawn spacecraft, shows Occator crater on Ceres, that home to a collection of intriguing bright spots. Ceres is 590 miles (950 km) across and was discovered in 1801. It is the closest dwarf planet to the sun and is located in the asteroid belt, making it the only dwarf planet in the inner solar system. Ceres is the smallest of the bodies currently classified as a 'dwarf planet'.
It lies less than three times as far as Earth from the sun - close enough to feel the warmth of the star, allowing ice to melt and reform. Nasa's Dawn spacecraft made its way to Ceres after leaving the asteroid Vesta in 2012. There is high interest in the mission because Ceres is seen as being a record of the early solar system. The new up-close view of Occator crater from Dawn's current vantage point reveals better-defined shapes of the brightest, central spot and features on the crater floor. Because these spots are so much brighter than the rest of Ceres' surface, the Dawn team combined two different images into a single composite view - one properly exposed for the bright spots, and one for the surrounding surface. Scientists also have produced animations that provide a virtual fly-around of this crater, including a colourful topographic map. 

Dawn scientists note the rim of Occator crater is almost vertical in some places, where it rises steeply for 1 mile (nearly 2 kilometers).
Views from Dawn's current orbit, taken at an altitude of 915 miles (1,470 kilometers), have about three times better resolution than the images the spacecraft delivered from its previous orbit in June, and nearly 10 times better than in the spacecraft's first orbit at Ceres in April and May. 'Dawn has transformed what was so recently a few bright dots into a complex and beautiful, gleaming landscape,' said Marc Rayman, Dawn's chief engineer and mission director based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. 'Soon, the scientific analysis will reveal the geological and chemical nature of this mysterious and mesmerizing extraterrestrial scenery.' The spacecraft has already completed two 11-day cycles of mapping the surface of Ceres from its current altitude, and began the third on Sept. 9. 2015

Dawn will map all of Ceres six times over the next two months. Each cycle consists of 14 orbits.
By imaging Ceres at a slightly different angle in each mapping cycle, Dawn scientists will be able to assemble stereo views and construct 3-D maps.Dawn is the first mission to visit a dwarf planet, and the first to orbit two distinct solar system targets. It orbited proto planet Vesta for 14 months in 2011 and 2012, and arrived at Ceres on March 6, 2015.  Another image shows the unusual shape of the Gaue crater, named after Germanic goddess to who offerings are made in harvesting rye. These images, made using images taken by NASA's Dawn spacecraft, features a color-coded topographic map of Occator crater on Ceres. Elevations span a range of about 4 miles (6 kilometers) from the lowest places in Occator to the highest terrains surrounding the crater. Blue is the lowest elevation, and brown is the highest. The animation was generated using two components: images of the surface taken during Dawn's High Altitude Mapping Orbit (HAMO) phase, where it viewed the surface at a resolution of about 450 feet (140 meters) per pixel, and a shape model generated using images taken at varying sun and viewing angles during Dawn's lower-resolution Survey phase.

Here is a shape model which has been stretched by 1.5 times to a vertical direction to better illustrate the crater's topography.

'Dawn is performing flawlessly in this new orbit as it conducts its ambitious exploration,' said Marc Rayman, Dawn's chief engineer and mission director. 'The spacecraft's view is now three times as sharp as in its previous mapping orbit, revealing exciting new details of this intriguing dwarf planet.'  At its current orbital altitude of 915 miles (1,470km), Dawn takes 11 days to capture and return images of Ceres' whole surface. Each 11-day cycle consists of 14 orbits, and over the next two months, the spacecraft will map the entirety of Ceres six times.
With a tall, conical mountain on Ceres from a distance of 915 miles (1,470km). The 'pyramid', located in the southern hemisphere, stands 4 miles (6 kilometers) high. Its perimeter is sharply defined, with almost no accumulated debris at the base of the brightly streaked slope. Dawn took this image that shows a mountain ridge, near lower left, that lies in the center of Urvara crater on Ceres. Urvara is an Indian and Iranian deity of plants and fields. The crater's diameter is 101 miles (163km). This view was acquired on August 19, 2015, from a distance of 915 miles (1,470km). The resolution of the image is 450ft (140 metres) per pixel.

Nasa's Dawn spacecraft took this image of Gaue crater, the large crater on the bottom, on Ceres. Gaue is a Germanic goddess to whom offerings are made in harvesting rye. The center of this crater is sunken in. Its diameter is 84 kilometers (52 miles).
The resolution of the image is 450 feet (140 meters) per pixel. The image was taken from a distance of 915 miles (1,470 kilometers) on August 18, 2015. The spacecraft is using its framing camera to extensively map the surface, enabling 3D modelling. Every image from this orbit has a resolution of 450ft (140 metres) per pixel, and covers less than one per cent of the surface of Ceres. At the same time, Dawn's visible and infrared mapping spectrometer is collecting data that will give scientists a better understanding of the minerals found on the icy surface. Engineers and scientists will also refine their measurements of Ceres' gravity field, which will help mission planners in designing Dawn's next orbit, as well as the journey to get there. In late October, Dawn will begin spiralling toward this final orbit, which will be at an altitude of 230 miles (375km).

Martian Pavonis Mons.

Martian Volcanic Vent East of Pavonis Mons this image shows an equatorial plane of the volcano active on the planet mars, here are images of the Vent East of Pavonis Mons . 

As a volcano vent is still open into the crust of a planet that emits lava (molten rock) and volcanic gases. The rough texture of the plains surrounding the vent is indicative of lava. There’s a large number of snake-like features emanating from the vent. The parallel lines that outline the features are levees, which mark the edges of channels that carried molten lava. As the lava flows, it moves slowest at its edges and bottom because the lava sticks to the non-flowing rocks, and as the lava slows, it cools off and hardens. Levees form when the sides harden but the center of the flow keeps moving. As the eruption episode ends, and the lava drains, the center is left lower than the sides producing these high-standing structures, if one follows the glaciation from path from surface Martian telemetry.

Mars is fundamentally a volcanic planet. Geologic mapping of Mars shows that about half the surface seems to be covered with volcanic materials. 
These have been modified to some extent by other processes (such as meteorite impacts, blowing wind, and floods of water). Mars has the largest volcanoes in the entire Solar System. The great volumes of erupted lava have had a profound impact on the entire planet, extracting heat and selected chemicals from within, adding large amounts of acidic gas to the atmosphere, and providing heat to melt frozen water in the crust. Mars cannot be understood without studying its volcanoes.

As planet measurements from square of hypotenuse mapping from triangulation as in astronomy an has taken over the task from the last century. 

As an observe disk so we don't see planets near the North Star. I like this question because it may be based on someones observation of nature as unlikely as south polar map. We all like looking at the sky and thinking about space, but this question is based on really noticing something about the way nature works. This is how science often makes progress. The first step is observing the way things are, then we wonder why they are that way, and then we can try to find explanations.In this case, people had seen for a long time that planets appear only along one narrow strip in the sky, and as our friend noticed, that's nowhere near the North Star. As scientists began to understand the beautiful architecture of the solar system, they understood why the planets occupy only a very small part of the sky.

HiRISE provides the ideal tool to study some of the most puzzling aspects of Mars volcanism. 
One example is: what were the eruptions that formed the giant lava flows like? Did the lava ooze quietly out of the ground or did it come blasting up in massive explosions? Detailed pictures of the vents are essential for answering these questions. We know that lava flows on Earth are usually fed by fountains or lakes of lava. HiRISE has already found examples of ancient lava lakes on Mars, but the evidence for fountains is more difficult to find. But we are finding exciting hints of cinder cones on Mars. The pictures from other cameras have been too fuzzy to show these kinds of details. Another high priority is to image places where both lava and water have come gushing from the ground. These are places where microbes that might live in the deep, warm, wet parts of the crust could have been brought to the surface. Finding scientifically interesting spots that are safe to land future rovers is one of the primary goals for the MRO mission.