Pot Hole Detail Of Mars.

Chapter forty as the Mars Orbiter Camera on  Mars Global Surveyor launched November 1996 and snapped 240,000 images of layered rock formations. Space Cruising brings most of these Martian Images."Grand Canyon"—the Valles Marineris—in December 2000. NASA scientists lost contact with the surveyor on November 2, 2006. One hypothesis is that a solar panel became 'difficult to pivot', depriving the satellite of enough power to communicate with Earth. Researchers are continuing efforts to re-establish contact with the wayward probe, but the outlook is grim. "Realistically, we have run through the most likely possibilities for re-establishing communication, and we are facing the likelihood that the amazing flow of scientific observations from Mars Global Surveyor are over.
The pictures, which are ten times better than images taken in the 1970s by the Mariner 9 and Viking spacecraft, are helping scientists unravel the mysteries of Martian geology—and whether the planet ever was covered by water. The uniformity of the sedimentary layers, for example, resembles formations created underwater on Earth. In separate explorations, the global surveyor also found that parts of Mars's surface contain large amounts of hematite, a mineral that often forms in the presence of liquid water. Earlier this year NASA's Mars Global Surveyor found dark markings on the red planet's south polar cap. Scientists suspect that these markings are formed in the spring when frozen carbon dioxide rapidly transforms into gas, as seen in this artist's conception. 

Spring on Mars comes in like a lion, according to a new theory. 
Geysers formed by warming temperatures spew dust and ice hundreds of feet into Mars's air, scientists write in the latest edition of the journal Nature.An artist's conception shows the violent thawing, which takes place near the planet's south pole. Some extensive mapping occurred Mars's polar ice caps expand each winter as carbon dioxide in the planet's atmosphere freezes, the researchers say. 
But during spring, warmer weather slowly melts the expanded ice.Some of this ice becomes translucent, allowing sunlight to heat carbon dioxide below the surface, changing it from a solid directly into a gas in a process called sublimation. Eventually, the pressure from the gas becomes great enough that it penetrates the surface layer of ice in a violent eruption."These processes are unlike any observed on Earth," the researchers write. The scientists say the theory may explain a long-standing mystery: strange dark spots, fan-like structures, and spidery patterns that appear near Mars's southern pole every year. The dark spots and fans are dust thrown up by the geysers, while the spiders are the actual eruption sites, the scientists write.

Colonize The Planet Concept.

Chapter thirty nine as although space cruisers prefers the Planet Venus as a base mainly because of carbon and vapor and as the atmosphere is somewhat like earth. 
One would find international space station would find it easier over this planet sun rim. Rather than building complex Martian Bases as space suits would depressurize more quickly all a team would have to do is find water by drilling on this Planet Venus Surface could almost grow a colony pressure would be an inward force at surface. Although these could be built on the red planet by robots excavating underground caves, a group of German architects has claimed. 
This is a Lunar Buggy assembled as a suit case from off of the middle of the lunar lander by ram as it descended from Lunar Module its a visible relics perfect as the tracks. The team from ZA Architects believes that basalt, already detected on the red planet by rovers, could be used as a building material to create large underground caves and create a ‘Martian Cement’.‘The surface of Mars is primarily composed of basalt, and the Phoenix Lander directly sampled water ice in Martian soil,’ the team say. Martian bases could be built on the red planet by robots excavating underground caves, a group of German architects has claimed. ‘Basalt is good material to make a protection cave on, to produce insulation, and basalt roving, which is stronger than steel. ’The rovers would excavate large caves underground, leaving pillars of basalt to support the roof. When human explorers arrive, they would simply need to install windows, doors and life support systems.

The team from ZA Architects believes that basalt, already detected on the red planet by rovers, could be used as a building material to create large underground caves and create a 'Martian Cement'. 

The rovers would excavate large caves underground, leaving pillars of basalt to support the roof. When human explorers arrive, they would simply need to install windows, doors and life support systems. How its propose to build a cave on mars allow a colonists to survive cold grow a sustainable atmosphere as with rockets and digging robots are sent to Mars and search for large areas of Basalt. Robots analyse basalt columns for strength. They then drill basalt, moving down and leaving pillars of the material as large columns to support the cave’s roof. Astronauts finish the construction and arrange technical facilities as water, oxygen, windows and doors using basalt material spun as a glass-fibre like cement. ‘Curiosity sooner or later will bring human to Mars and wouldn't it be nice to have permanent station to explore it?’ Arina Ageeva of ZA Architects told space cruisers ‘It seems pretty logical to use caves as the main protective structure of the colony.'

The team even believe basalt could be used to create a ‘spider’s silk’ material similar to glass fibre that could be used as a building material. 
‘We can weave minimal surfaces that will be used as floors on different levels in the cave,’ she told Dezeen. The architects propose that roving robots will weave spatial spider-like web that will be used as spaces and construction to hold domestic and technical facilities ‘This material is already in use in the aerospace and automotive industries. It is stronger and lighter than steel, easier to operate, fireproof and it does not corrode,’ she added. 

They also believe the bases could include farming areas, saying ‘some Martian soil is appropriate for growing certain agriculture's, such as asparagus. ‘Possibility of food production will make Martian settlements independent of expensive deliveries from the Earth. ‘They also believe the bases could include farming areas, saying 'some Martian soil is appropriate for growing certain agriculture's, such as asparagus'

With fresh pumps via connectors.

Chapter thirty eight its happening as part of the refurbishments on the International Space Station It was the second spacewalk in four days for oncoming 2014 new year celebration.
As the US astronauts Rick Mastracchio and Michael Hopkins, and only the second Christmas Eve spacewalk in NASA history. NASA ordered up the spacewalks to revive a critical cooling loop at the International Space Station. No turkey for Christmas as astronauts Rick Mastracchio (top) and Michael Hopkins spend their Christmas Eve repairing an external cooling line on the International Space Station. It is another small step for man as astronaut Mike Hopkins (on the robotic arm , lower right). Rick Mastracchio (front) take a rare spacewalk outside the International Space Station (ISS) All nonessential equipment had to be turned off when the line conked out on 'December 11, and many science experiments halted'. With today's success , the cooling system should be restored and all equipment back up and running by this weekend, according to NASA.
Mastracchio and Hopkins removed the faulty ammonia pump during Saturday's outing. On Christmas Eve, they installed the fresh pump. Standing on the end of the station's main robotic arm, Hopkins clutched the 780-pound, refrigerator-size pump with both hands as he headed toward its installation spot, and then slid it in. An astronaut working inside, Japan's Koichi Wakata, gingerly steered the arm and its precious load . 'Mike Hopkins taking a special sleigh ride on this Christmas Eve,' Mission Control commentator Rob Navias said as the space station soared over the Pacific. It was slow going because of a balky ammonia fluid line that sent frozen flakes of the extremely toxic substance straight at the men -.. 'a mini blizzard,' as Mission Control called it The spacewalkers reported being surrounded by big chunks of the stuff that bounced off equipment and, in all probability, their suits' The ammonia needed to dissipate from their suits before the pair returned inside ', to avoid further contamination. Christmas eve spacewalk on ISS to fix broken cooling pump. Flying high' It's like Christmas morning opening up a little present here, 'astronaut Rick Mastracchio (top) said as he checked his tool kits .

Zero gravity as astronaut Mike Hopkins lies against the robotic arm during a spacewalk outside the International Space Station astronauts fix damaged cooling system in rare Christmas Eve spacewalk NASA astronauts Rick Mastracchio and Michael Hopkins ventured out of the International Space Station to repair a cooling system on December 24 It was the second Christmas Eve spacewalk in NASA history, the first was in 1999.
NASA says all equipment should be up and running by the weekend 'Wow,' Hopkins sighed after the fourth and final fluid line was hooked to the new pump. Astronauts have wrapped up urgent space station repairs during a rare Christmas Eve spacewalk, braving a 'mini blizzard' of noxious ammonia as they popped in a new pump. The electrical hook-ups went more smoothly, and six hours into the spacewalk, Hopkins finally called down, 'Houston, you've got yourself a new pump module'. Christmas references filled the radio waves, as the action unfolded 260 miles above the planet. 'It's like Christmas morning opening up a little present here,' Mastracchio said as . he checked his toolkit Later, as he worked to remove the spare pump from its storage shelf, he commented: 'Now it really feels like I'm unwrapping a present.' Mission Control in Houston was in a festive mood, despite the gravity of the situation. Tabletop Christmas trees, Santa dolls and red Santa caps decorated the desks. NASA's only previous Christmas Eve spacewalk occurred in 1999 during a Hubble Space Telescope repair mission. But NASA's most memorable Christmas Eve was back on December 24, 1968. Apollo 8 astronauts read from Genesis, the first book of the Bible, as they orbited the moon on mankind's first lunar flight.

Lost in space as the Christmas Eve venture was the second spacewalk in four days for US astronauts Rick Mastracchio and Michael Hopkins. As a bad valve in the ammonia pump caused the latest breakdown. Another team of spacewalking astronauts installed that pump just three years ago, and engineers are perplexed as to why it didn't last longer. NASA hopes to salvage it in the years ahead.
The 2010 replacement required three spacewalks because of the difficulty in removing pressurized ammonia fluid lines. But this time, the astronauts managed to squeeze everything into two after NASA reduced the pressure and 'simplified this task'. Mission Control planned to wait until Tuesday evening before fully activating the new pump, but initial testing showed everything working well. The two-line cooling system uses ammonia to dispel heat generated by on -board equipment;.. only one loop was disabled by the breakdown. It been a busy as NASA astronaut Michael Hopkins work to repair an external cooling line on the International Space Station on a spacewalk 260 miles above Earth on Saturday The second spacewalk was supposed to take place on Monday, but it was delayed a day to give Mastracchio time to switch to another suit. He inadvertently hit a water switch in the air lock at the end of Saturday's excursion, and a bit of water encroached on a cooling device in the backpack of his suit, making it unusable. Otherwise, the suits remained dry during both spacewalks. Last July, an astronaut almost drowned when water from his suit's cooling system flooded his helmet. Makeshift snorkels and absorbent pads were added to the suits as a precaution. A Moscow -led spacewalk, meanwhile, is set for Friday. Two Russian crew members will install new cameras and fresh experiments outside.

Movements become geometric.

Chapter thirty seven developments on a balancing cube this will probably look like a golf ball when its science becomes exact. 'Volkswagen' could be contracted to build a prototype planet rover design. As it would be light and effective it may look like a hover-car. As it can sits just a foot or two in the air, using electromagnetic field although this uses road networks to get from A to B. Below is a design of a cube. Space Cruisers hopes bring Maneuverability as to definite a plus-point, as it can turn easily turn on the spot. Cubli can detect disturbances to adjust its position while balancing on its corner, and also rotate on the spot. Cubli is able to balance on one corner and spin for exploration of caves on Planet Venus. How does this Cubli work as sensors in the mechanical device are used to estimate the tilt of the cube and provide the angular velocity - the angular speed at which an object is rotating along with the direction in which it is rotating - of the reaction wheels, which are mounted on three faces of the cube.
The reaction wheels inside can brake suddenly to cause the Cubli to jump up from its ‘resting position’ onto one of its edges without external support, as it transfers momentum from the wheel’s to the cube’s body. Balancing on its corner is achieved by two ‘jump up’ manoeuvres. The first one raises the Cubli from one of its faces so that it can balance on its edge, while the second one raises it from the edge to one of its corners. Cubli can detect disturbances to adjust its position while balancing on its corner, and also rotate on the spot. The miniature mechanical device is able to use a ‘controlled fall’ to travel in a certain direction and when it combines its jumping, balancing and falling moves, it can ‘walk’ across a surface, the scientists said. While the technology could be used in future space explorer vehicles and self-assembling robots, the ‘cool little cube’ was simply designed to ‘jump up, balance and walk,’ its creators said.

'Cubli' - the cube that can walk, jump and balance Cubli uses two manoeuvres to jump from its resting position to one of its edges and then balance on one of its corners.
The mechanical device can detect disturbances to adjust its position while balancing on its corner (illustrated) and also rotate NASA wants to give future rovers a small electronic brain perfect for asteroids. As impressive as the Mars Curiosity’s findings have been, the rover just doesn't have the brains to cut it further out in the solar system. This is because, at the start of each Martian day, Nasa has to deal with a significant communication delay when it sends its agenda to the Mars rover. Even moving at light speed, instructions from Earth take about 20 minutes to reach the surface of Mars. This 40-minute round trip makes real-time control of the rover impossible On Jupiter's moon Europa, where astrobiologists suspect extraterrestrial life could exist, the delay balloons to over 90 minutes.

But an ‘intelligent’ camera that can not only take pictures of alien rock, but also analyse them and draw intelligent conclusions about what to do next is hoping to change all that. named ‘TextureCam’, the two-lens device snaps 3D images and a special processor, separate from the rover's main computer, analyses the pictures. By recognising textures in the photos, the processor distinguishes between sand, rocks and sky. The processor then uses the size and distance to rocks in the picture to determine if any are scientifically important layered rocks. When the Texture Cam spots an interesting rock, it can either upload a high-resolution image back to Earth or send a message to the main processor to move toward the rock and take a sample. It works similarly to the facial unlock feature available on smartphones and computers. The more examples of interesting rocks it was shown, the better it becomes at identifying the common features that make rocks scientifically important. Recently TextureCam was successfully run through its paces in the rocky landscape of the Mojave Desert in Southern California—a useful test environment for the Martian surface.

Clasping magnetic lines.

Chapter thirty six on design for the future of space cruisers may depend on magnetic clasping as a range of flat-pack furniture that can be assembled emerges.
Using magnets It means that no requirement and wont get frustrated by finding missing screws, washers or misaligned screw holes when they get their purchase home. Benjamin Vermeulen reckons any piece of furniture can be assembled in just a few clicks. As he says the design means the furniture is just a sturdy as one that that has been assembled using traditional flat-pack methods. Attractive design He is a young designer has come up with a range of flat-pack furniture that can be assembled using magnets. As any of his pieces of furniture can be assembled in just a few clicks. Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.
Terra-forming Venus as with the use of a Doppler Effect would probably involve reducing the insulation at the surface to prevent the planet from heating up again. A space based would evolve laser sun shield. Solar shades could be used to reduce the total insulation as cooling the planet somewhat. Point of deflection from Lagrangian point also serves to block the solar wind, removing the radiation exposure. Find water float surface and drill into rock.
The use of microwave electrical currents yeald venusan minerals could prove invaluable.  As the support a future colony as H2o runs god given civilisation as with praise. The asteroid Ju 99 could prove an valuable holiday base as a self paying project ready for a Venus spaceport, similar to International Space Station into the future as laser move atmosphere allow monoxide into eddies.

This new range MAG, which stands for magnetic assisted geometry.
The furniture is made of sheet steel and solid wood, with magnets in the wooden parts allowing each piece to be assembled in minutes with no tools. Explaining his system, he said ' to ship furniture un-assembled is more economical and more environmentally friendly. How does it fit together The chair has a two-part frame that slots together where the leg braces cross under the seat, before a sheet-steel seat and backrest are clipped into place. With the table, metal pegs at the corners of the folded steel table top slot into magnetic tubes inside the tops of the table legs. The cabinet allows the user to select components based on the configuration they require. The basic cabinet is one layer high, but more layers of different heights can be added with or without doors or doors of different materials such as glass or steel, different layer heights.

'But flat-packed furniture is often made from low-grade material and its assembly is far from straightforward.' Assembling MAG furniture is easy, takes minutes, and requires no tools. 'The furniture, made from high-quality steel and wood, snaps together with the help of powerful magnets. 'It can be assembled and disassembled without losing its initial structural integrity.' This means you can take it apart if you are moving or selling it on. As replacing parts is easy since they come right off and reattach with the same ease. 'So far he has created a Mag chair, table and cabinet.

True the continuum

Chapter thirty five as matter is transforms into an energy, although carbon remains an exact can it be transformed back into matter 'a but how?' laying down fundamental rules of physics as humanity tries to gain full understanding of this concept. Its a kind of transformed motion and this is happening in a limited capability today within consumption of data as here a image that is self explanatory. As Space Cruising goal bring affordable suborbital holidays. This project is to define our carbonated neighbour planets and focus on possibly build of a sustainable colony here is a protocell trainer. It could be made into a suborbital balloon that could transform concept of orbital materials.
So as to sheer off the prejudges, of vertebrata none vertebrata. Humanoid drones could comply as with most of these tasks and live upper stratospheric of our neighbouring 'Planet Venus' taking up a sun rim orbital position. But this project will become an observation centre, to monitor planet activities brought forward. As it is almost fully reliant on optimum template climate with in stratosphere of this god given gift lead by humility.

Here to the justification of such as technology is racing forward yet our social designs have remained relatively static based on these systems. In other words cultural change has not kept pace with technological change. Our present, outmoded political and economic systems are unable to apply the real benefits of today's innovative technology to achieve the greatest good for all people with minuscule of pricing and to overcome these inequities imposed upon so many. Our technology is racing forward yet our social designs have remained relatively static. In other words cultural change has not kept pace with technological change. 

Humanity now has the means to produce goods and services in abundance for everyone. Unfortunately, today science and technology have been diverted from achieving the greatest good for reasons of self-interest and gain through planned obsolescence sometimes referred to as the conscious withdrawal of efficiency true designs. It is now possible to have and enjoy a very high standard of living with all of the amenities that a prosperous civilisations can provide. This can be accomplished through the intelligent and humane application of science and technology so here to have a planet outpost on neighbouring planet Venus by designs that anybody can identify as a small but enjoyable challenge.

The suggestion would be to have an upper orbital outpost on this planet controlled like humanoid drones as to live underground maybe possible. But compared to planet mars option due intensity of sun radiation omitted and travelling by asteroid as travel to planet mars as rule is unlikely given the restraints imposed today. But a mission to leave a pod in orbit over the Planet Venus smart as it has the best earth bound trajectory, possible in the shorter term. A day on Venus lasts longer than a year It takes 243 Earth days to make rotate once on its axis. The planet's orbit around the Sun takes 225 Earth days, compared to the Earth's 365. Venus is often called the Earth's sister planet. Earth and Venus are very similar in size with only a 638 km difference in diameter, Venus having 81.5% of the Earth's mass. Both also have a central core, a molten mantle and a crust. Venus rotates counter-clockwise. Also known as retrograde rotation.
A possible reason might be a collision in the past with an asteroid or other object that caused the planet to alter its rotational path. It also differs from most other planets in our solar system by having no natural satellites. Venus is the second brightest object in the night sky. Only the Moon is brighter. With a magnitude of between -3.8 to -4.6 Venus is so bright it can be seen during daytime on a clear day. Atmospheric pressure on Venus is 92 times greater than the Earth's. While its size and mass are similar to Earth, the small asteroids are crushed when entering its atmosphere, meaning no small craters lie on the surface of the planet. The pressure felt by a human on the surface would be equivalent to that experienced deep beneath the sea ​​on Earth. Venus is also known as the Morning Star and the Evening Star early civilisations thought Venus was two different bodies, called Phosphorus and Hesperus by the Greeks, and Lucifer and Vesper by the Romans. This is because when its orbit around the Sun overtakes Earth's orbit, it changes from being visible after sunset to being visible before sunrise . Mayan astronomers made detailed observations of Venus as early as 650 AD. Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system: The average surface temperature is 462 ° C, and because Venus does not tilt on its axis, there is no seasonal variation. The dense atmosphere of around 96.5 percent carbon dioxide traps heat and causes a greenhouse effect. A detailed study of Venus is currently underway. In 2006, the Venus Express space shuttle was sent into orbit around Venus by the European Space Agency, and is sending back information about the planet. Originally planned to last five hundred Earth days, the mission has been extended several times. More than 1,000 volcanoes or volcanic centres larger than 20 km have been found on the surface of Venus. At one point it was thought Venus might be a tropical paradise: The dense clouds of sulphuric acid surrounding Venus make it impossible to view its surface from outside its atmosphere. It was only when radio mapping was developed in the 1960s that scientists were able to observe and measure the extreme temperatures and hostile environment. It is thought Venus did once have oceans but these evaporated as the planets temperature increased.

Spacesuit Comfort.

Chapter thirty four as space ware becomes a 'mere weightless' the strange 'amoeba' shoes are designed to be 3D printed using a material made of synthetic primitive cells that regenerates overnight as this could be the future skin for humanoid android or even ‘space ware’ but it could be 40 years until they become a reality. 
The amoeba surface-adapting photocell trainers are intended to be the ultimate futuristic bespoke shoe that fit like a second skin and support feet in a new way. The conceptual shoes are designed to fit like a second skin and the materials they are made from is built to act a little like human skin too as the protocells can self-heal and are responsive to pressure, despite not truly being alive. They will react to pressure created by a runner by inflating in places to provide extra cushioning where it is most needed. In order for the shoes to maintain their biological properties they must be stored in a jar filled with special photocell liquid overnight. The concept for the protocell trainer has been envisioned by London-based designer, Shamees Aden, who is fascinated in how new scientific practices could impact future products. The shoes of the future as 3D printed slip-ons could one day regenerate so they never wear out The amoeba surface-adapting trainer is designed to be 3D printed using a material made of synthetic primitive cells that regenerate overnight Using protocells, the conceptual shoes could regenerate when kept in a special liquid and provide cushioning where needed on a runner's foot. Protocells might be at the heart of an entirely new biotechnology, if subject to specific selective pressure 'for example, for removing toxic compounds or synthesizing useful ones' But besides potential applications, of course, they also carry an intrinsic interest: their relationship to the problem of the origins of life. Most researchers in protocells do not aim at precisely reproducing the process of the emergence of life on earth, a goal which might even turn out to be unachievable due to lack of recorded information.

A British designer has come up with a concept for a pair of shoes made from ‘cells’ that regenerate so they don’t wear out.‘Protocells is a form of synthetic biology that blurs the gap between the non-living and living,’ she wrote on her website.
The shoes will be composed of primitive cells called protocells, which are simple molecules that lack the complexity of biological cells.‘They are life-like and not living,’ Ms Aden told space cruising. ‘The amoeba surface-adapting trainer is a tangible product concept that seeks to probe the future of new materials, based on the advantages of science and particulate the science of protocells,’ she added.The shoes will fit like a second skin as the materials they will be made from is designed to act a little like human skin as the protocells will self-heal and will be responsive to pressure, despite not truly being alive.The concept for the protocell trainer has been envisioned by London-based designer, Shamees Aden, who is fascinated in how new scientific practices could impact future products Protocells are hypothetical lifelike entities, capable of growing and dividing.
They can give rise to offspring that are similar to their parents but not identical and therefore possess all the ingredients necessary for Darwinian evolution.it is possible to imagine a population of simple protocells change in time, acquiring more sophisticated properties, Roberto Serra wrote for  space cruising the amoeba surface-adapting protocell trainers are intended to be the ultimate futuristic bespoke shoe that fit like a second skin and support feet in a new way. This image is illustrates the idea that the material could move to places in the foot that need extra cushioning, as if they are alive. Protocells are hypothetical life like entities, capable of growing and dividing, thus giving rise to offspring that are similar to their parents but, due to the noise inherent in the process, not identical to them. Protocells therefore possess all the ingredients necessary for Darwinian evolution, and it is possible to imagine that a population of initially very simple protocells change in time, acquiring more sophisticated properties.The shoes are part of a wider movement by scientists to imagine and make artificial living systems that can respond to different behaviors such as pressure and light. Ms Aden worked on the idea for  her shoes with protocell expert Dr Martin Hanczyc, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark.Her product concept looks into the future of footwear design in 2050 and was part of her MA project for the textiles future course at Central St Martins London.

Protocells might be at the heart of new biotechnology, if subject to specific selective pressure. 
The ‘Amoeba’ surface-adapting trainer is a conceptual prototype that seeks to probe the future of new materials derived from protocells. They blur the gap between the non-living and the living.Engineering the emergence of life from lifeless liquid chemicals manufactured artificially in the laboratory could provide the building blocks to create a new man-made nature, Ms Aden said. Ms Aden told space cruising ‘The cells have the capability to inflate and deflate and to respond to pressure.’ She wrote 'the effect to the athlete is that the photocell synchronizes to the individual's foot because this living technology is responsive and re-configurable  adapting in real-time to the current activity of the runner by adding extra support in high impact areas.' 

For the shoes to maintain their biological properties, they must be stored in a jar filled with special photocell liquid overnight. Different coloured liquid could be used to temporarily dye the shoes different colours, she said. ‘You would take the trainers home and you would have to care for it as if it was a plant, making sure it has the natural resources needed to rejuvenate the cells,’ Ms Aden said. While the prospect of being able to wear alien-like shoes is exciting, the designer thinks it might take 40 years until the technology is ready to be used to make trainers for the public. ‘Encouraging the emergence of life from lifeless liquid chemicals manufactured artificially in the laboratory could provide us the building blocks to create a new man-made nature,’ she said.

Planet Venus Atmosphere.

Chapter thirty three as with orbital missions to the various planets in our solar system, scientists have been able to glean an amazing amount of data to help us understand our neighboring worlds.
Keep in mind mission that could fly lower than orbital altitudes . Actually flying in the atmosphere of another planet and closer to the surface at a minuscule price -. and imagine how much more detailed the data could be This type of mission would be especially helpful on Venus, where the intense heat and crushing air pressure at the surface basically precludes the success of any type of lander mission. So, last year, when NASA formed a Science and Technology Definition Team (STDT) to study the concept of a flagship mission to Venus, waiting in the wings was Dr. Geoffrey Landis. For the past several years Landis and a group of scientists and engineers from NASA's Glenn Research Center have been studying the concept of a solar-powered airplane at Venus. Landis says a small aircraft powered by solar energy could fly continuously in the 'Planet Venus' atmosphere, and would be an ideal vehicle for gathering data on both the planet's atmosphere and surface, with the ability to maneuver almost anywhere. As there's a lot of interest in Venus at the moment," said Landis. "We've been looking at Mars quite a bit lately, and in some ways Mars is Earth's twin, but in even more ways, Venus is Earth's twin. So we learn a lot about Earth by studying Venus.

A solar powered airplane has been a long-time interest for Landis. A lot of time in designing a build for a suitable model airplane, so the idea of ​​flying an airplane on Venus sounded very interesting to me," he said.Since 2000, Landis and his team have been studying this concept, and Landis recently presented their findings to NASA's STDT for Venus. "I've been trying to drum up enthusiasm for the things we've done," he said. The main work the group has done so far has been focusing on the airplane itself, verifying that the concept is actually going to work. Space crusing done a thorough design study to determine if there are any showstoppers," said Landis. "We don't think there are. We think it a very doable project. The airplane would have to fold up to fit inside a small aeroshell for a "Discovery" class scientific mission.
After arriving at Venus the craft would deploy from the aeroshell, unfold and begin gliding through the atmosphere. With solar cells covering the entire surface, the airplane would fly strictly on solar power, not needing fuel. The team has come up with a foldable design that has a wingspan of 9 meters and a length of just under 7 meters. Surprisingly, the density of Venus' atmosphere shouldn't be a problem for a solar airplane mission. "At the altitudes we'll be flying, it would be like flying at moderate altitudes on Earth," said Landis. "Venus is actually a very easy planet to fly on. Interestingly, the problem on Venus is the wind. It turns out it's a very windy planet, and we would like to be able to keep our solar airplane flying underneath the sun, so we have to fly faster than the wind so we can stay in the sunlight. If we can do that we can basically fly forever. "The craft would have to be capable of sustained flight at or above the wind speed, about 95 m / sec at the cloud-top level, 65 to 75 km above the surface.

For exploration at lower altitudes, the aircraft could glide down for periods of several hours and then climb back to higher altitudes, allowing the cloud layers to be probed.
But the airplane would have to be in sunlight for a majority of the time. The team's analysis of a flight using battery storage shows that it wouldn't work to keep the aircraft aloft on battery power during the passage across the night side of the planet. As far as the science that can be gleaned from a solar-powered airplane at Venus, Landis 'team has primarily envisioned a mission to study Venus' atmosphere. However, they've also looked at using it for a radar mission, and in particular if two airplanes could be used, one could be a transmitter and the other a receiver to do what's called "bistatic radar" where you vary the angle between the transmission and the receiver to provide additional information about the planet. But mainly, an airplane flies much closer to the surface than an orbiting spacecraft, to gather greater detailed information about the planet.The current focus of Landis' team has been deciding what type of science could be done, and how it could best be achieved. "What we've been doing lately is just studying Venus and asking ourselves, what do we want to do," said Landis. "Is an airplane the right thing? We've also been looking at airships. You can make a zeppelin fly at the planet Venus, which has both advantages and disadvantages over an airplane, so we're asking ourselves, at what altitude in the clouds do we want to fly - above, below, or in the clouds. and what science we can do The very hard part on Venus is flying low It's very easy to fly high, but the lower you could fly, the better the science you could accomplish. But flying low will be tricky.

Eye of the sky in Mars.

Chapter thirty two new energy lenses being developed from diamond type glass as the new project called  the 'SKY MOIRE' to orbit earth as this membrane optical imager is set for real-time space exploitation (MOIRE) will be capable of capturing 40 percent of the surface of the Earth at once.
 It will be able to beam back real-time high-resolution video and images from anywhere in the world at any time. The satellite is the brainchild of DARPA, the Pentagon agency tasked with developing the next generation of weapons and technology for the U.S. military. This is an artist's rending of the Membrane Optical Images for real-time space exploitation (MOIRE) satellite that the Pentagon hopes to launch to spy on the earth. This is one of the membrane panels from a prototype of the MOIRE satellite that completed testing on earth. 

It relies on a remarkable technological advancement that could increase the power and precision of space telescopes by several folds - while making them less costly, reports MOIRE uses massive membranes that will be shot into orbit collapsed, but once aloft, can expand to 68 feet in diameter. Currently, the largest ground-based telescope is about half that size. The space-based Hubble Telescope is less than eight feet in diameter. The membrane will be the thickness of household kitchen wrap, but will diffract light - instead of reflecting it or refracting it with mirrors like traditional glass optics it should be able to obtain data at nano levels give unique incite into earths cycle. 

This massive as this drawing shows how much bigger MOIRE is designed to be (68 feet) compared to the Hubble Space Telescope, the W.M. Keck Observatory telescope - which is one of the largest ground-based instruments in the world - and the James Webb Space Telescope, a device planned for launch in 2018.
As this is a prototype full lens of the MOIRE satellite. There is no launch date for the telescope yet, but developers say it is in its final phase. Until now, the scope and precision of space telescopes was limited by the size of their lens, which are quickly becoming too heavy and expensive to carry into space - even for the largest rockets. 'Membrane optics could enable us to fit much larger, higher-resolution telescopes in smaller and lighter packages,' Lieutenant Colonel Larry Gunn, a program manager for MOIRE, told space cursers. 'In that respect, we’re "breaking the glass ceiling" that traditional materials impose on optics design.' The MOIRE satellite will be both cheaper to produce and cheaper to deploy, if the design works out because it doesn't require the high-quality glass. DARPA has already tested a ground-based prototype of the project.  Researchers will now move into the final phase of the project. No completion date has been made publicly available as yet.  Animation shows how the spy in the sky 'MOIRE' concept works. Multi functional array for energies as well as satellite inter-photography.

Up to this point, high resolution imagery has required large-diameter mirrors, but the thick, heavy glass is difficult to make and expensive. According to Darpa, to keep up, the glass mirrors are rapidly approaching the point where they will be too large, heavy and costly for even the largest of today’s rockets.
“Membrane optics could enable us to fit much larger, higher-resolution telescopes in smaller and lighter packages,” said Lt. Col. Larry Gunn, Darpa program manager. “In one respect, we’re ‘breaking the glass ceiling’ that traditional materials impose on optics design.”Instead of reflecting light with mirrors or refracting it with lenses as traditional space telescopes do, MOIRE’s membrane — roughly the thickness of kitchen plastic wrap — optics diffract light. Because MOIRE is so much lighter and smaller at launch, Darpa thinks the program will be ‘budget effective’  and more efficient hoping our research could also help greatly reduce overall costs and enable more timely deployment using smaller, less expensive launch vehicles clearing way up said Gunn.
 Darpa says the MOIRE program is in its second and final phase and recently demonstrated a ground-based prototype that implemented several critical aspects of the project. The sizes of the Spitzer, Hubble, Webb and Keck telescopes show there’s no comparison to what the MOIRE telescope could cover as this huge 68ft device that will record zoom-able HD video of 40% of Earth's the surface simultaneously. Membrane Optical Imager for Real-Time Exploitation (MOIRE) uses a massive web of thin membranes instead of heavy lenses. It is being developed by Pentagon's DARPA future weapons agency. Satellite will have 68-foot lens - dwarfing Hubble, which is only eight feet dwarf any space telescope ever launched set to point its sensitive lens back at us.