Martian Surface.

Nasa scientists are very aware that water exists on mars enough to sustain a settlement colony after an public announcement about H2o on Mars is for the first time ever. They believe that dark stripes on the surface have been caused by trickling water that freezes and unfreezes during different seasons on the planet. Further tests are being carried out, to confirm the findings of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbital spacecraft. But already space scientists have started to speculate about what the existence of liquid water on Mars and what this could mean. Here are some of the key questions they're trying to find the answer too. One thought is that the liquid water could be coming from under the planet's surface. Professor Tim O'Brien. From Manchester University, told space lorn "This is the key question. One alternative is that it's coming up from the underground reservoir in some way a thermal."

This would change lots of things that scientists thought they knew about Mars but Professor O'Brien also offers another view. He added: "Alternatively it could be absorbing water from the atmosphere." He says that would make the water on the planet extremely salty and not suitable to drink. On Earth, every time we find liquid water we find life and so scientists believe that surface water might help identify possible habitats for life on Mars. Although there is no suggestion that scientist have found life on the planet, experts now know that Mars has the type of environment where life could potentially exist. Space scientist Sarah Crowther told the discovery does not confirm there is life on Mars in any way. She said if it is true it simply shows that there may be the conditions there to support some kind of living organisms. Must remember Mars is much cooler than our earth where life enjoys milder conditions. In 2012 NASA's Curiosity rover landed on the Red Planet's surface, as part of a robotic mission to search for evidence of life still no conclusive evidence which lead more investigation microscopic life.

But scientists know that if we want to find out more, we will eventually have to send humans to Scientists believe that of all the planets in our solar system Mars is the only other place where humans could realistically live in the future. Water is essential to human life and all human beings need it to survive as rover explores there's now the potential for future exploitation of water as a resource for the manned missions to Mars. If it's proved that there is water on the planet it could be used to make rocket fuel or provide water for humans to stay there longer. Scientists are currently trying to build the rockets that will one day take researchers there, but that kind of mission could be many years away.

If scientists prove that there is water on Mars, the planet could potentially form a human habitat. However, the average temperature on the red planet is -62 degrees Celsius so there's no way human could set up camp there without a lot more work to help them cope with the conditions. The presence of water could have a big impact on future exploration of Mars, in terms of what regions scientists can or can't explore. Areas with water are off limits under current planetary protection regulations, a set of ules designed to control space exploration. It's to stop these areas being contaminated with germs and other organisms from the Earth. Scientists don't know what effect that would have. Professor Tim O'Brien told Space lorn "We wouldn't want to contaminate it with life from earth. "The problem is if our space craft go there, certainly if we go there we'll be taking lots of organisms with us, bacteria and microbes. "So how do we protect our possible life on Mars while also protecting the planet? That's the challenge." Easiest option planet for humans to run around provided have oxygen mask and warm clothes toilet for the humus grow fresh vegetables.

Occator Ice Crater Ceres

Dawn is the first mission to visit a dwarf planet, and the first to orbit two distinct solar system targets.
It orbited proto planet Vesta for 14 months in 2011 and 2012, and arrived at Ceres on March 6, 2015. Earlier this month, a stunning new 3D flyover of dwarf planet Ceres revealed the planet's mysterious 'white spots' in unprecedented detail. It also highlighted a prominent mountain with bright streaks on its steep slopes. The peak's shape has been likened to a cone or a pyramid, and it appears to be about 4 miles (6km) high. This means the mountain has about the same elevation as Mount McKinley in Denali National Park, Alaska, the highest point in North America.
 'This mountain is among the tallest features we've seen on Ceres to date,' said Dawn science team member Paul Schenk, a geologist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. The alien spots on Ceres revealed in unprecedented detail As Dawn probe captures stunning new images of mysterious features.  As a rim of Occator crater is almost vertical in some places, where it rises steeply for 1 mile (nearly 2 kilometers) Closest-yet views of Occator crater, with a resolution of 450 feet (140 meters) per pixel . They have captivated and confused astronomers around the world. 

Nasa reveales stunning new close up images of showing the brightest spots on the dwarf planet Ceres gleam with mystery in new views delivered by NASA's Dawn spacecraft.
These closest-yet views of Occator crater, with a resolution of 450 feet (140 meters) per pixel, give scientists a deeper perspective on these very unusual features. An image, made using images taken by NASA's Dawn spacecraft, shows Occator crater on Ceres, that home to a collection of intriguing bright spots. Ceres is 590 miles (950 km) across and was discovered in 1801. It is the closest dwarf planet to the sun and is located in the asteroid belt, making it the only dwarf planet in the inner solar system. Ceres is the smallest of the bodies currently classified as a 'dwarf planet'.
It lies less than three times as far as Earth from the sun - close enough to feel the warmth of the star, allowing ice to melt and reform. Nasa's Dawn spacecraft made its way to Ceres after leaving the asteroid Vesta in 2012. There is high interest in the mission because Ceres is seen as being a record of the early solar system. The new up-close view of Occator crater from Dawn's current vantage point reveals better-defined shapes of the brightest, central spot and features on the crater floor. Because these spots are so much brighter than the rest of Ceres' surface, the Dawn team combined two different images into a single composite view - one properly exposed for the bright spots, and one for the surrounding surface. Scientists also have produced animations that provide a virtual fly-around of this crater, including a colourful topographic map. 

Dawn scientists note the rim of Occator crater is almost vertical in some places, where it rises steeply for 1 mile (nearly 2 kilometers).
Views from Dawn's current orbit, taken at an altitude of 915 miles (1,470 kilometers), have about three times better resolution than the images the spacecraft delivered from its previous orbit in June, and nearly 10 times better than in the spacecraft's first orbit at Ceres in April and May. 'Dawn has transformed what was so recently a few bright dots into a complex and beautiful, gleaming landscape,' said Marc Rayman, Dawn's chief engineer and mission director based at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. 'Soon, the scientific analysis will reveal the geological and chemical nature of this mysterious and mesmerizing extraterrestrial scenery.' The spacecraft has already completed two 11-day cycles of mapping the surface of Ceres from its current altitude, and began the third on Sept. 9. 2015

Dawn will map all of Ceres six times over the next two months. Each cycle consists of 14 orbits.
By imaging Ceres at a slightly different angle in each mapping cycle, Dawn scientists will be able to assemble stereo views and construct 3-D maps.Dawn is the first mission to visit a dwarf planet, and the first to orbit two distinct solar system targets. It orbited proto planet Vesta for 14 months in 2011 and 2012, and arrived at Ceres on March 6, 2015.  Another image shows the unusual shape of the Gaue crater, named after Germanic goddess to who offerings are made in harvesting rye. These images, made using images taken by NASA's Dawn spacecraft, features a color-coded topographic map of Occator crater on Ceres. Elevations span a range of about 4 miles (6 kilometers) from the lowest places in Occator to the highest terrains surrounding the crater. Blue is the lowest elevation, and brown is the highest. The animation was generated using two components: images of the surface taken during Dawn's High Altitude Mapping Orbit (HAMO) phase, where it viewed the surface at a resolution of about 450 feet (140 meters) per pixel, and a shape model generated using images taken at varying sun and viewing angles during Dawn's lower-resolution Survey phase.

Here is a shape model which has been stretched by 1.5 times to a vertical direction to better illustrate the crater's topography.

'Dawn is performing flawlessly in this new orbit as it conducts its ambitious exploration,' said Marc Rayman, Dawn's chief engineer and mission director. 'The spacecraft's view is now three times as sharp as in its previous mapping orbit, revealing exciting new details of this intriguing dwarf planet.'  At its current orbital altitude of 915 miles (1,470km), Dawn takes 11 days to capture and return images of Ceres' whole surface. Each 11-day cycle consists of 14 orbits, and over the next two months, the spacecraft will map the entirety of Ceres six times.
With a tall, conical mountain on Ceres from a distance of 915 miles (1,470km). The 'pyramid', located in the southern hemisphere, stands 4 miles (6 kilometers) high. Its perimeter is sharply defined, with almost no accumulated debris at the base of the brightly streaked slope. Dawn took this image that shows a mountain ridge, near lower left, that lies in the center of Urvara crater on Ceres. Urvara is an Indian and Iranian deity of plants and fields. The crater's diameter is 101 miles (163km). This view was acquired on August 19, 2015, from a distance of 915 miles (1,470km). The resolution of the image is 450ft (140 metres) per pixel.

Nasa's Dawn spacecraft took this image of Gaue crater, the large crater on the bottom, on Ceres. Gaue is a Germanic goddess to whom offerings are made in harvesting rye. The center of this crater is sunken in. Its diameter is 84 kilometers (52 miles).
The resolution of the image is 450 feet (140 meters) per pixel. The image was taken from a distance of 915 miles (1,470 kilometers) on August 18, 2015. The spacecraft is using its framing camera to extensively map the surface, enabling 3D modelling. Every image from this orbit has a resolution of 450ft (140 metres) per pixel, and covers less than one per cent of the surface of Ceres. At the same time, Dawn's visible and infrared mapping spectrometer is collecting data that will give scientists a better understanding of the minerals found on the icy surface. Engineers and scientists will also refine their measurements of Ceres' gravity field, which will help mission planners in designing Dawn's next orbit, as well as the journey to get there. In late October, Dawn will begin spiralling toward this final orbit, which will be at an altitude of 230 miles (375km).

Martian Pavonis Mons.

Martian Volcanic Vent East of Pavonis Mons this image shows an equatorial plane of the volcano active on the planet mars, here are images of the Vent East of Pavonis Mons . 

As a volcano vent is still open into the crust of a planet that emits lava (molten rock) and volcanic gases. The rough texture of the plains surrounding the vent is indicative of lava. There’s a large number of snake-like features emanating from the vent. The parallel lines that outline the features are levees, which mark the edges of channels that carried molten lava. As the lava flows, it moves slowest at its edges and bottom because the lava sticks to the non-flowing rocks, and as the lava slows, it cools off and hardens. Levees form when the sides harden but the center of the flow keeps moving. As the eruption episode ends, and the lava drains, the center is left lower than the sides producing these high-standing structures, if one follows the glaciation from path from surface Martian telemetry.

Mars is fundamentally a volcanic planet. Geologic mapping of Mars shows that about half the surface seems to be covered with volcanic materials. 
These have been modified to some extent by other processes (such as meteorite impacts, blowing wind, and floods of water). Mars has the largest volcanoes in the entire Solar System. The great volumes of erupted lava have had a profound impact on the entire planet, extracting heat and selected chemicals from within, adding large amounts of acidic gas to the atmosphere, and providing heat to melt frozen water in the crust. Mars cannot be understood without studying its volcanoes.

As planet measurements from square of hypotenuse mapping from triangulation as in astronomy an has taken over the task from the last century. 

As an observe disk so we don't see planets near the North Star. I like this question because it may be based on someones observation of nature as unlikely as south polar map. We all like looking at the sky and thinking about space, but this question is based on really noticing something about the way nature works. This is how science often makes progress. The first step is observing the way things are, then we wonder why they are that way, and then we can try to find explanations.In this case, people had seen for a long time that planets appear only along one narrow strip in the sky, and as our friend noticed, that's nowhere near the North Star. As scientists began to understand the beautiful architecture of the solar system, they understood why the planets occupy only a very small part of the sky.

HiRISE provides the ideal tool to study some of the most puzzling aspects of Mars volcanism. 
One example is: what were the eruptions that formed the giant lava flows like? Did the lava ooze quietly out of the ground or did it come blasting up in massive explosions? Detailed pictures of the vents are essential for answering these questions. We know that lava flows on Earth are usually fed by fountains or lakes of lava. HiRISE has already found examples of ancient lava lakes on Mars, but the evidence for fountains is more difficult to find. But we are finding exciting hints of cinder cones on Mars. The pictures from other cameras have been too fuzzy to show these kinds of details. Another high priority is to image places where both lava and water have come gushing from the ground. These are places where microbes that might live in the deep, warm, wet parts of the crust could have been brought to the surface. Finding scientifically interesting spots that are safe to land future rovers is one of the primary goals for the MRO mission.